The Effect of Modern War Games on the Prejudices of Children Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Modern War Games on the Prejudices of Children Essay The rise of video games among youth in recent decades has spurred many new studies into the psychological effects of continued video game usage on a high level. According to a study by The Pew Internet American Life Project, 97% of children and teens play video games (Lenhart, 2008). Video games and violence have also had a positive correlation, meaning they have some relation to each other in increased violence levels in adolescents. In recent years there have been a multitude of multi-platform supported games all with a plot that involves Middle Eastern cultures in a negative context. Could the effect of psychological conditioning and consistent positive reinforcement from the gameplay against radical Islamic terrorist groups develop into prejudices and generalized stigmas toward Middle Eastern cultures? These games that are being represented also share a close similarity to military simulation used to condition soldiers to combat, which I believe also proves that aggressive gameplay is indeed supportive, if not at part causal, for aggressive actions or thoughts. The groups who would be affected most by this would be children and teens, as they have the highest usage on a regular basis with teens up to fifty percent who had played a game â€Å"yesterday† (How Can Advertisers, 2009). Looking at both the pervasive and regular usage of children under the age of eighteen, it seems evident that whatever effect may be present would be experienced by a large portion of youth. Video game usage for these youth is happening at a time in their lives when they are forming and developing social ideology. In the stage of human development at this time in their lives, full reasoning skill and acknowledgement of the fact that it is only a game may not be present in all children. The game itself would be very important in the way that it would affect the player. In the same study done by The Pew Internet American Life Project, 86% of teens play games on a console such as a Xbox 360 or PS3 and 73% play games on their computer (Sood, 2008). If we look at record sales of games in the last few years we can see that the Call of Duty series has been extremely successful. Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare sold more than 13 million copies since released according to figures from 2009 since the game was released in late 2007(Activision to Showcase, 2009). Its predecessor, Modern Warfare 2, set records with selling 4.7 million copies within 24 hours of its release (Molina, 2009). Another hit game series is Battlefield, especially in its versions Bad Company 2 and now Battlefield 3. In all of these blockbuster and hit games that were just mentioned there is an element of Arab hostility in which the player has to fight against a Middle Eastern militia or military faction. With video games now emerging as a significant industry affecting millions of people, we must consider what possible impact these games could be making on their customers. The psychological effect of conditioning is always in use by our brain, as it perceives stimuli and attempts to analyze it in conjunction to the situation surrounding it. This effect has been experimented on by many, but was fathered by Ivan P. Pavlov and later deeply researched by B. F. Skinner, a strong behaviorist (Staddon, 2003). This psychological paradigm states that all actions can be accounted for, both experimentally and in one’s natural development, by conditioning. Classical conditioning is based on the basic principles of a response that is generated by an unconditioned stimulus (US) which then results in an unconditioned response (UR). In cases, conditioning takes place when certain elements are present that, by themselves, initially do not produce the corresponding UR, this is called the conditioned stimulus (CS). After the conditioning process has occurred, the CS will illicit the same response as the US, before called the UR. The new response when using the CS is called the conditioned response (CR) (Staddon, 2003). In order to better understand the concept, here is an example of the above from a psychologist, John Watson, who conditioned a child, Little Albert, to fear certain stimuli. First, Watson took a rat, dog, and monkey and showed Albert each for the first time in his life. The result of the initial exposure showed that, initially, Albert had no fear of the animals. Watson then took his unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which was a gong noise, which upset Albert, the unconditioned response (UCR) (Swets, 2011). He then introduced the same rat, before not feared, to Albert in addition to the gong noise (UCS), which caused Albert to cry (UCR). After repeating this several times, the rat was then turned into the conditioned stimulus (CS). The fear transferred to the rat (CS) then exhibited the same response of crying, before the UCS and now the conditioned response (CR). Once the hairy rat was taught to be feared in this experiment, Watson then generalized Little Albert to several animals, which is the broadening of a condition to additional similar objects than the original stimuli (Swets, 2011). When a rabbit, which he hadn’t seen before and had no pre-existing condition of fear, upset Albert he associated the hairy aspect of the rabbit with the rat. A mask and dog were also feared. When Albert was shown these, he would then cry. The UCS in the case of the video games would be the enemy combatant. The UCR would be an act of aggression in the game that would defeat the opponent, normally by shooting or otherwise killing. This is obviously violent behavior, but not necessarily in the pretext of the game. The CS would be the fact that normally this enemy happens to be Arabic or Middle Eastern. Over the course of playing the game and repeating the same violent in-game actions, the CR would be thoughts of aggression or suspicion when shown Middle Eastern People. This perhaps leads to a stigma against Arabic people. The aggression documented in studies such as Anderson in 2000, and Ferguson in 2008 may not necessarily be augmented toward this prejudice, but rather it would manifest itself in a much less outwardly violent way resulting in a conscious or subconscious stigma. The connection between the UCR and the CR is that the UCR is learned aggression in gameplay, and that would be transferred into a real world application; an example would be a stigma or a prejudice. The conditioning element example for the racial prejudice is in the example above. It is unfair to credit the video game with the entire generation of such a stigma. There was a study and article just published by Erik Bleich that talks about Islamophobia and how western cultures have generally negative thoughts about Muslim people. The article continues to predict that Muslim-fearing people will become an emerging social group (Bleich, 2011) Bliech theorizes that since prominen t figures, in politics, media, or otherwise, have openly stated or engage in anti-Muslim plans that there is no stopping the movement. Soon people will start labeling themselves or actions by the possible fear of Muslims (Foner, 2011). After 9/11, there was a significant rise in suspicion and hate acts directed toward most Muslim people. With that increase, there was 18 to 26 percent of the civil rights violations that happened at the workplace. In a target group, there was an average drop of seventeen hours per week for younger Muslim Americans (Rabby, 2011). There are clear indications that there is a fear of Muslims. In fact, at the time of September 11, 2001, I was nine years old and I too had developed an irrational fear of all Muslims. The conclusion is that there is, and probably will be, a generalized fear of Muslims, due to ignorance or historical precedent, so long as terrorism has a main role in global politics. There is no general consensus that video games in themselves cause violent behavior, even though there are many studies that show a positive correlation, but it is agreed that it at least promotes aggression in people who already have aggressive tendencies. Video games were seen to provide a mode or method for enacting the violence that the individual would commit regardless of the game’s influence (Anderson, 2000). In a study done by Anderson and Dill in 2000 they also state that, â€Å"We believe that video game violence also primes aggressive thought†. Males during adolescence show considerable aggression toward other males in particular but also toward females. The evolutionary reasoning behind this is because younger males have to compete over possible mates, so a greater amount of aggression would yield a greater possibility of attaining the mate. (Hilton, 2000) Using this comparison, we could stipulate that a percentage of the gaming population is aggressive, given the natural percentage plus the increase because of the age category. Given this fact we would see that the more aggressive nature of the selected population would then be more likely to be affected by any effect the game would render to its players. Movies are also a form of visual information that most people can understand, given the wide presentation of most productions. Studies show that media presentations generate a strong effect on the consumers of the information. (Heusmann, 1994) . For example, in the twentieth century communist Russia was a strong force of fear that was widespread due to actual diplomatic relations and hostility. The movies of that time added unnecessary amounts of fear to the topic by generalizing all Russians as spies or communist invaders. The games present information and realism smoothly into the gameplay so that the user barely notices all of the interactions taking place while playing the game. Anderson and Dill also point out the correlation between general media and video games when they said, â€Å"Entertainment media affects our lives. What behaviors children and adults consider appropriate comes, in part, from the lessons we learn from television and the movies. There are good theoretical reasons to expect that violent video games will have similar, and possibly larger, effects on aggression.†(Anderson, Dill 2000) This could be reasoned because the level of involvement into the game correlates with the level of brain usage, because of the attention levels needed to operate in an immersive gameplay. The brain could be more likely to accept these facts and bits of information as truth presented to it. This truth could then be used to advance a possible, already present, stigma of terrorist to a more generalized stigma against Arabic people as a whole. The overall emergence of video games as a massively used media for youth has presented many areas of study for psychologists. The age of the individual, factoring psychological development phases and increased male aggressiveness, in conjunction with the prevalence of violent video games portraying Middle Eastern combatants sets up a possible prejudice effect on its users. This effect could be explained using simple conditioning and generalization, the natural aggressiveness of the subject, and a preexisting fear toward Muslim people all of which will result in a stigma or increased prejudice toward Middle Eastern people among select gamers. I would like to see a formal study on possible prejudice because its significance could be widespread amongst subjects and could be conveyed as racism. Works Cited Activision to Showcase Some of the Most Anticipated Games of the Year at E3 IGN. IGN Video Game Reviews, News Previews. 27 May 2009. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. Anderson, Craig A., and Karen E. Dill. Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78.4 (2000): 772-90. Print. Bleich, Erik. What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept. American Behavioral Scientist 55.12 (2011): 1535-540. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. Ferguson, Christopher J. Violent Video Games and Aggression. Criminal Justice and Behavior 35.3 (2008): 311. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. Foner, Nancy, and Christophe Bertossi. Immigration, Incorporation, and Diversity in Western Europe and the United States: Comparative Perspectives. American Behavioral Scientist 55.12 (2011): 1535-540. Sage Journals Online: American Behavioral Scientist. Sage Publications, Dec. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. Hilton, N. Zoe, Grant T. Harris, and Marnie E. Rice. The Functions of Aggression by Male Teenagers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79.6 (2000): 988-94. Print. How Can Advertisers Get Through to Teens? EMarketer. Market Research Statistics: Internet Marketing, Advertising Demographics EMarketer. 30 June 2009. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. Huesmann, L. Rowell. Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives. New York: Plenum, 1994. Print. Lenhart, Amanda, Joseph Kahne, Ellen Middaugh, Alexandra Macgill, Chris Evans, and Jessica Vitak. Teens, Video Games and Civics. Pew Research Centers Internet American Life Project. 16 Sept. 2008. Web. 07 Dec. 2011. Molina, Brett. Acti vision: Modern Warfare 2 Sells 4.7M Copies on First Day. News, Travel, Weather, Entertainment, Sports, Technology, U.S. World USATODAY.com. 12 Nov. 2009. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. Rabby, Faisal, and William M. Rogers III. Post 9-11 U.S. Muslim Labor Market Outcomes. Atlantic Economic Journal 39.3 (2011): 273. SpringerLink. 26 July 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. Sood, Medha. Pew Study Shows 53% of US Adults Play Computer Games. TopNews United States. 10 Dec. 2008. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. Staddon, J. E. R., and D. T. Cerutti. Operant Conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology 54.1 (2003): 115-44. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. Swets, Dr. Benjamin. Learning. PSY 101. GVSU, Allendale. 3 Oct. 2011. Lecture.

Seven Years War Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Seven Years War proved to be a crossroads in the history of British colonial rule in America. Britain was victorious, but after defeating her French foes (along with their Indian allies), Britain was left to contemplate the ramifications of a war that would leave her relationship with her American colonies altered forever. This change would eventually lead to conflict between the colonies and Britain, and ultimately the Declaration of American Independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand how the relationship between Britain and the American Colonies became so strained, we must first examine the nature of Britain’s imperial authority. Economic relations between the two entities were governed by Navigation Acts and trade Acts. These Acts existed for the express purpose of maximizing profits for Britain with regards to her colonies in North America. They served to completely control colonial trade, and in the process stifled some sectors of the colonial economy. To Britain’s dismay, many colonists openly flouted these regulations during the Seven Years War, largely because of Britain’s preoccupation with the ongoing hostilities. After the war it became clear the extent to which some colonists had openly flouted the Trade and Navigation Acts. This was doubly insulting for Britain because of the perceived sacrifices made by Britain during the war in terms of material and men, all spent to keep the colonies (a nd colonists) ou...

Culture and Telecommunication Essay

Telecommunication has been defined as a science of technology and communication at a distance by electronic transmission of impulses, as by cable, telephone, telegraph, radio, or television. Telecommunications is an important area of professional growth. It has also been define as the electronic systems used transmitting messages, as by cable telegraph, telephone, radio, and television. Despite of the sophistication of today’s state of the art communications technology, communication gap is still prevalent and unresolved in the twentieth century. According Minako O’Hagan, communications technology has done â€Å"nothing to resolve the language barriers that prevent a free flow of communication among people who speak different languages† (p. 1) O’Hagan pointed out that today’s world of modern communication, distance, time, and quality have â€Å"ceased to be an issue† as â€Å"Webs of communications networks covering the globe criss-crossing each other with electronic highways on which voice, data and images flow at the speed of light, oblivious to physical boundaries and national borders. These highways provide the backbone of the information structure in the same way as the transport network provides the backbone of the physical infrastructure† (p. 2) However, despite of the modernization of the technology of human communication language barriers remains unresolved in most parts of the world. O’Hagan cited a case in March 1989, at an international hotel in Auckland New Zealand, where a Japanese businessperson with very limited English made a call to the hotel reception. The English-speaking receptionist struggle as she cannot understand her Japanese guest, she then assumes that the man wanted to make a long distance call to Japan guest so she connects him with the international operator who had also difficulty communicating with the man so she puts him through to an international operator in Japan. Finally, the Japanese operator informs the New Zealand operator that the man merely would like to order breakfast delivered to his room. An internet article entitled Communication emphasized that not understanding the language can impede human communication as shown by the case in point above as messages, verbal and non-verbal are in a different language. Context, history of the occasion, relationship, and culture are some of the factors that need to be addressed to be able to have effective human communication. Human communication varied depending on the particular occasion. Jungle drums, smoke signals, morse code, photography, and art are artificial communication instrument used by different groups of people even today. These instruments are as effective and as clear as the verbal communication. The most common methods of communication, which commonly used every day, are the written and spoken language, hand signals, and body language. In general, the mediums of human communications are the mass media, composed of print and broadcast, which denote a section of the media, conceived and designed to reach a large audience, and the telecommunication, which is another major communication medium that conveys signals over a space for the purpose of communication. The article emphasized that modern method of communication such as; via-e-mail, internet forums, and text messaging now permit for intense long-distance exchanges between larger numbers of people, while the traditional broadcast media and mass media such as television, cinema, radio, newspaper, and magazines, still cling to one to many type of communication. Verbal Communication According to Robert M. Krauss of the Columbia University, communication takes place when signals transmit information-bearing messages between a source and a destination (p. 2). Krauss noted that human communication is distinguished for its exactitude and flexibility through the use of language. Verbal communication necessitates the use of words, symbols, vocabulary, and numbers and is arranged in sentences using language. It includes phrasing of words clearly and positively, in which the words and its explanations affect thought and determine emotion (Krauss p. 2). In general, human communications use two kinds of signal, signs, and symbols. Signs are indications that are causally associated to the message they convey, while symbols are the result of social gathering. An internet article entitled How to Improve Verbal Communication cited that verbal communication can be express through telling or reading a story to convey effectively a message. The article noted that stories hold influence to persuade a person to relate to the message. Human communications have four main channels common to the work place or even in the society, the written communication, the telecommunication, the third party communication, and the face-to-face communication. The written communication includes letters, memos, faxes, e-mails, and even text messaging. The concept of written communication according to a web article entitled Communication is that it provides a common message for everyone, as recipients will read the same words. However, the same article stated that the actual words amount to only 7 percent of the message and the remainder is made up of 38 percent tone and nonverbal clues at 55 percent. In other words, the receiver of the message is left with the remaining 93 percent for his or her own interpretation of the message. Telecommunication on the other hand, includes telephones, cellular or mobile phones, intercoms, and other voice communications. According to the same article, telecommunication is more effective than the written communication in conveying a message because it used 45 percent capability of understanding the message as it allows immediate interaction between the sender and the receiver, although there is still remaining 55 percent of the message’s potential unavailable to the receiver. The worse of the four human communications channel, The Third-Communication, the message is subjected to a second meaning, which is that of the person acting as the channel of communication. The message may no longer be concrete as what the sender intended. The fourth communication channel however, which is face to face conversation offers the full array of communication as sender can pass on the desired meaning, and the receiver can clarify or ask question if necessary. Thus in human communication, the most effective would be face-to-face communication followed by telecommunication, written communication in third and third party communication. E-mail simply means electronic mail and is a store and forward method of creating, transferring, and storing, receiving messages to a web portal, or straight to one’s computer or laptop by means of a program such as Microsoft outlook. E-mail messaging has improved the web mail service, which has now the ability to send text message to cell phones directly from e-mail for free. Jefferson Graham calls it â€Å"social Communication† as it makes easier for the public to go back and forth between e-mail, instant messaging, and text messaging. The e-mail messaging is currently dominated by Yahoo mail service with 83 million users in the United States alone. Instant messaging on the other hand is a form of real time communication between two people base on typed text. Text messaging is transmitted using computers linked over a network such as the internet. The difference between instant messaging and e-mail is that instant messaging offers a real time conversation while the e-mail is in letter format where communication may be delayed. Text messaging is a popular form of online messaging. It is defined as a means of conveying short messages to and from mobile phone. Text is a usually the term for transfer of short messages, consisting of 160 characters or lower. Text messages are the individual messages sent using the SMS or the Short Messaging System from the mobile phones. Cultural Differences and Similarities between Koreans and Americans In his article, Conflict Management in an Age of Globalization: A Comparison of Intracultural and Intercultural Conflict Management Strategies between Koreans and Americans, Jongbae Hong noted that findings of his study reveals that both Koreans and Americans were inclined to use similar patterns of Conflict Management Strategies CMS in administering intracultural conflict. Hong found out that while Americans prefer a competition strategy and an assertive orientation, the Koreans tend to avoid strategy and a cooperative orientation to Americans. Another cultural difference between Koreans and Americans is in the Korean’s use of compromise and collaboration strategies and their supportive tendency for managing difference in intracultural interface, Hong explained that Koreans tend to decrease in interaction, the American on the other side tend to also decrease in intercultural interaction in their use of competition strategy and their assertive tendency for managing conflict. Further difference between Koreans and Americans can be observed in the concept of family. In their article entitled Korean Version of the Geriatric Social Readjustment Questionnaire: Cross-cultural Comparison between Koreans and Americans in the Perception Life Events, Seung Chul Shin, SunTaek Whang, Chan Hyung Kim, and Ho Young Lee emphasized that Koreans strictly valued family in line with Confucianism, and are keenly mindful of the importance of the family unity, continuity of the family name, and economic security. Elderly are living with their adult children and tend to be dependent on their children. In Contrast, American family centers on individualism. Children 18 years old and above are expected to live on their own and adults live in the retirement villages or home for the aged. According to Hong, the development of communication and transportation technologies has made the world become a huge global community. Because of this development human interactions and communications between different cultures such as political, social, economic, and cultural boundaries have greatly increase as a result of global connections. The internet technology has facilitated intercultural interactions and communications in cyber space and the development in international transactions, for people who are seeking to study, or to work overseas, and for migration. The intercultural communication provided by the internet establishes the link between cultures through the e-mail messaging service. Language Barriers and Miscommunication caused by Cultural Backgrounds Language barrier normally occurs in every situation particularly if there is a language, cultural, or sexual differences. However, Kimberly Moynahan Garson asserts that language barriers even occur between two people who speak the same language, with the same culture, and even of the same sex. This language barrier according to Garson has to do with behavioral preference for perceiving or judging. Moynahan explain that people differ in perception and judgment regards less of cultural linguistic or sexual similarities. She points out that a person can obtain information and never applies judgment or can apply judgment to something without receiving complete information. Moynahan goes on to further explain that these tendencies, creates language barriers as some would chose the perceiving process withholding judgment as long as possible, while others would jump to the judging process hastily as they can which leads to different actions. This in turn becomes a language barrier. The differences on the human preferences between these two, leads to miscommunication, never-ending rounds arguments and conflict and frustrations. According to a web article entitled Language Barrier Leads to Medical Mistakes, language barrier pose serious threat in hospital patients’ particularly non-English speaking patients. The article emphasized that even with interpreter, translations mistakes may result to serious medical consequences. Realizing the serious consequences of the language barriers, hospitals employed trained interpreter to assist patients who are non-English speakers. Language barrier is one cause of miscommunication in America due to the growing foreign-born population and cultural diversity in the population of the United States. The truth is, cultural and language hindrances can create complications and hinder effectiveness in the workplace. In a report, eighteen percent of the U. S. residents aged five and older speak other than English at home while Spanish and Asian languages has eleven and four percent respectively, which pose barriers for settlers as well as in the workplace. Language alone affects the way of interacting and relationship of people, which reflect with the way they exhibit behavior, beliefs, values, and practices (Lee, 2003, p. 3). Lee mentioned in his paper that language barriers were ranked among the top three barriers †¦ that prevented minorities and the poor from receiving necessary [health] care (p. 6). The influx of immigrant workers in America and other part of the world is a respond to the growing need for workers particularly in the construction, service, and manufacturing industries; and that it creates challenges among them to overcome cultural and language barriers that they experience. Thus, it is the best concern of company manager and owners to bridge the cultural and language barriers that divide the workers in the place of work. The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Workforce Development Board (2002) has identified common cultural and language that often show up in the workplace in general; they are: roles and status, personal space, body language, religion, and personal appearance (p. 4). Roles and status refer to interaction that goes with male and female while doing various roles assigned to them considering the fact that men and women are distinct in personality and differing cultures have dissimilar outlook to sexes. Personal space is another cultural value since people have contradictory perspective when it comes to distance when conversing with one another; Americans prefer five feet distance while Arab and Latinos like closer space, and others like more distance. Body language as a nonverbal communication gives meaning, which may be interpreted wrongly by person from other culture. Personal appearance like hygiene and grooming is obviously different from one country to another. People give their judgment based on their cultural standards. Thus, language barriers and cultural barriers go hand in hand while in the workplace, which present nuances or problems among the employee. In order to prevent problem, it is necessary that employers have clear understanding of what is going on, and face the problem by giving the workers continuous seminar in order to overcome the differences. Writer’s Personal Experience with SK Telecom SK Telecom as a telecommunication company based in South Korea is one of the country’s largest business group. The company that started in 1984 offers its clienteles with a wired and wireless incorporated multi-internet service. Being internationally known and globally competitive, it almost achieved its peak in handling intercultural differences, from handling clientele, stakeholders, and workers to meeting demands for much advance technology through which communication is vital in the success of the company. Working in a Korean company is totally contrasting to the typical American culture primarily because of language and other cultural values. Koreans are hardworking people, yet they enjoy life and entertainment as well. With a strong devotion to vertical relationship such as with family, relatives, co-workers, classmates, and friends, Koreans tend to support the people closest to them than with other people of different culture. They are also nationalistic who take pride of their national identity. In my experience as a Korean-American employee in that company, I encountered some difficulty adjusting to the culture; though I grew up in a Korean community in America, working in a Korean company is a different experience. The mere fact that Korean company uses a â€Å"top-down management style,† many workers and employees at the bottom of the chain often exploded into violent strikes; usually the chairman and other top administrative personnel are very powerful and all-knowing who do not accept opinion. However, in the recent years, they began to adapt new policies of teamwork among them in order to bridge the gap and lessen the problem brought by cultural diversity. Conclusion Human communication is a blessing from God to humanity for with out it, human society could have ruined along long time ago. Communication makes life more exciting as it brings the world closer especially during the present time in which modern communication technology has transcends all the barriers that were considered in the past as next to impossibility. Practically, the blessings of modernization have erased all this barriers, and the world is heading towards a more unified global community in its effort to further improve the quality of human life. Regardless of race, cultural orientation, and educational attainment, every one must take advantage of the opportunity to communicate with another not only for personal gain but to be able to contribute in the global direction to improve the quality of life, and the world that we live in. Work Cited Cultural and Language Barriers in the Workplace. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Workforce Development Board. http://www. charlotteworks. org/clbpositionpaper. PDF Communication http://www. cod. edu/Course/MGT100/mgtcomm. htm Graham, J. Yahoo gives E-mail Texting Capability http://www. usatoday. com/tech/products/services/2007-08-26-yahoo-mail_N. htm Hong, J. â€Å"Conflict Management in an Age of Globalization: A Comparison of Intercultural Conflict Management Strategies between Koreans and Americans. † http://lass. calumet. purdue. edu/cca/gmj/sp05/graduatesp05/gmj-sp05gradinv-hong. htm â€Å"How to Improve Verbal Communication. † http://www. about-personal-growth. com/verbal-communication. html Krauss, R. M. The Psychology of Verbal Communication http://www. columbia. edu/~rmk7/PDF/IESBS. pdf â€Å"Language Barriers Lead to Medical Mistakes. † http://healthlink. mcw. edu/article/1031002276. html Lee, Sharon M. (2003). â€Å"A Review of Language and other Communication Barriers in Health Care. † http://www. hablamosjuntos. org/resources/pdf/SMLeeCommunication_and_Health. pdf Moynahan, K. â€Å"Language: What’s Your Style? † http://www. archaeolink. com/language_barriers. htm Shin,C. S. , et. al. â€Å"Korean Version of the Ceriatric Social Readjustment Questionnaire: Cross-cultural Comparison between Koreans and Americans in the Perception of Life Events. † http://www. eymj. org/1989/pdf/38. pdf â€Å"View Source for Communication† http://en. citizendium. org/wiki? title=Communication&action=edit â€Å"What is Online Messaging† http://www. ancomm. com/igeneration/what_is_online_messaging. html

Analysis on Atheism - 1421 Words

To be honest with you I think some of McCloskey questions of the existence of God are based and as a Christian I know I have questioned the existence of God at one point in my life. I had to really learn the hard way. From the article one can see that McCloskey is trying very hard to dismiss every claim of the theistic view. From the videos on blackboard, when someone decides to prove something or someone, then that means there is certainty and assurance that thing is absolutely true. The truth of the matter is that we cannot prove one hundred percent of the existence of God and that is why an Atheist like McCloskey would say that without evidence then there is no God. McCloskey try’s his best to scientifically prove that the creation of†¦show more content†¦I believe that every argument is defeasible. I think that the reason that McCloskey is saying this is because he is arguing the God of the bible and not the minimalistic ideal of God. Everyone is entitled to belie ve what he or she wants to believe, he saying that the cosmological argument, does not entitle us to an all-powerful and all-perfect God but that still does not disvalue the rational of there being a God in the first place and I believe that makes his statement meaningless in disproving the necessity and presence of God. When it comes to the teleological argument, McCloskey also claims that the teleological argument lacks premises due to similar reasons as the cosmological argument. In short both arguments do not prove God as a designer. In his mind, this argument is faulty because it does not show enough evidence for the existence of God. What he means when he argues for a genuine indisputable example of design of the universe is that he desired to see obvious proof for the existence of God. He disagrees with the fact that it is impossible to proof something with one hundred evidence. In Evans and Manis, when they talk about some noticeable evidences that prove the existence of God in Philosophy of religion, they said that the way in which nature and the universe is organized and structured there must be aShow MoreRelatedThe Essence Of Christianity Had A Profound Impact On Marx s Philosophy Of Right1247 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity had a profound impact on Marx’s atheism, and ultimately led to the ‘Feuerbachian-Marxist postulate that human emancipation’ could be achieved through liberation from religion, the approaches toward this objective considerably vary. 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Affirmative Action amp; Ethics: Affirmative Action amp; Qualifications. Agnosticism / Atheism - Skepticism amp; Atheism for Atheists amp; Agnostics. Web. 09 Oct. 2011. lt;http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/phil/blphil_eth_aa_qualif.htmgt;. 2. Affirmative Action amp; Ethics: Affirmative Action Is Reverse Discrimination. Agnosticism / Atheism - Skepticism amp; Atheism for Atheists amp; Agnostics. Web. 09 Oct. 2011. lt;http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/phil/blphil_eth_aa_qualifRead MoreThere s No Heaven By Salman Rushdie930 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship of psychological health and religious belief, and concludes in his analysis of the studies that nonbelievers seem to undergo more psychological distress as they are most uncertain in their beliefs than any other surveyed groups. Meanwhile, Wilkinson began a study of his own in which he reviewed and analyzed the results in his article Strong Beliefs and Coping in Old Age: A Case Based Comparison of Atheism and Religious Faith. 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